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コンピュータ プロセッサとその用途 – 中央処理装置 (CPU)

コンピュータは、複数の算術演算と論理演算を実行できる電子機器です。すべての高度な機能を実行するために、コンピューターは、ユーザーが実行するすべての複雑な機能を処理できる強力な処理ユニットを必要とします。そのため、新しいコンピューター システムを購入しようとしていて、どの中央処理装置が自分のデバイスに適しているかを考えている場合は、CPU と CPU の用途について読むことをお勧めします。

CPU (中央処理装置) とは?

プロセッサ、中央処理装置、またはマイクロプロセッサとも呼ばれる CPU は、コンピュータのメイン プロセッサです。コンピュータの CPU の役割は、ハードウェアとソフトウェアの間で命令をスムーズに実行し、それらが問題なく機能できるようにすることです。計算の実行、プログラムの実行、複数のアクティビティの処理などのすべての重要な機能が CPU によって管理されるため、コンピューター システムの頭脳とも呼ばれます。

プロセッサは、マザーボードに格納されている互換性のある CPU ソケットに配置され、固定されます。熱はプロセッサーによって生成されるため、熱の放出を保護するためにヒートシンクで覆われています。 CPUチップはソケットに収納しやすいように長方形になっています。チップの下部には、ソケットの対応する各穴に差し込む何百ものコネクタ ピンがあります。

現在、すべての CPU は設計と機能が非常に似ています。ただし、Intel と AMD には、マザーボードに格納できるより大きなチップがあります。さらに、マザーボードにはさまざまなソケットが用意されており、各ソケットにはさまざまなレイアウトがあり、プロセッサを格納するための特定の機能があります。

CPU のコンポーネント

最初のコンピュータ プロセッサは、1970 年代に Ted Hoff という名前の Intel デザイナーによって導入されました。最初のプロセッサは、Intel によって 4004 と呼ばれていました。主に、コンピュータ プロセッサは、次のさまざまなコンポーネントで構成されています。

  • メモリまたはストレージ ユニット
  • コントロール ユニット
  • ALU(算術論理演算ユニット)

コンピュータ プロセッサとその用途 – 中央処理装置 (CPU)

算術論理演算ユニット (ALU)

算術論理ユニットは、数学関数、ロジックを実行し、意思決定プロセスに役立ちます。この単元は、2 つのサブセクションで構成されています。

  • 算術セクション: 算術セクションの機能は、足し算、引き算、掛け算、割り算などの算術演算を実行することです。すべての複雑な操作は、上記の操作を繰り返し使用することによって行われます。
  • ロジック セクション: ロジック セクションの機能は、データの比較、選択、照合、マージなどのロジック操作を実行することです。

コントロール ユニット (CU)

制御ユニットはメモリから命令を抽出し、デコードして実行し、必要に応じて ALU を呼び出します。

このユニットの機能は−

  • コンピュータの他のユニット間でのデータと命令の転送を制御する責任があります。
  • コンピュータのすべてのユニットを管理および調整します。
  • メモリから命令を取得して解釈し、コンピュータの操作を指示します。
  • ストレージからデータまたは結果を転送するために入出力デバイスと通信します。
  • データを処理または保存しません。

メモリまたはストレージ ユニット

このユニットは、命令、データ、および中間結果を格納できます。このユニットは、必要に応じてコンピュータの他のユニットに情報を提供します。内部ストレージ ユニット、メイン メモリ、プライマリ ストレージ、またはランダム アクセス メモリ (RAM) とも呼ばれます。

そのサイズは、速度、パワー、および機能に影響します。プライマリ メモリとセカンダリ メモリは、コンピューター内の 2 種類のメモリです。メモリユニットの機能は−

  • 処理に必要なすべてのデータと命令を保存します。
  • 処理の中間結果を保存します。
  • これらの結果が出力デバイスにリリースされる前に、処理の最終結果を保存します。
  • すべての入力と出力は、メイン メモリを介して送信されます。

CPUの歴史

歴史の中で、中央処理装置の速度と性能は劇的に進化しました。 1971 年 11 月 15 日にリリースされた Intel 4004 によって導入された最初の CPU は、2,300 のトランジスタを備え、1 秒あたり 60,000 の操作を実行しました。そして、最新の Intel プラチナは現在、3,300,000 個のトランジスタを提供しており、1 秒あたり約 1 億 8,800 万回の命令を実行しています。両方の CPU ユニットのパフォーマンスと速度の違いを簡単に比較できます。

CPU の創始者は?

最初のCPU は、1971 年に Intel によってリリースされた Intel 4004 でした。Federico Faggin は、最初の商用 CPU の主任設計者でした。 .彼は、CPU の発明者として有名な人物の 1 人です。
年 コンピュータ プロセッサの導入
1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius が シリコン (Si) を発見しました。これは今日のプロセッサの基本コンポーネントです。
1903 ニコラ・テスラは、1903 年に「ゲート」または「スイッチ」と呼ばれる電気論理回路の特許を取得しました。
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley patent the first transistor in 1948.
1956 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
1958 The first integrated circuit was first developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958.
1960 IBM developed the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York in 1960.
1968 Intel Corporation was founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore in 1968.
1969 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) was founded on May 1, 1969.
1971 Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduced the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors, performed 60,000 OPS (operations per second), addressed 640 bytes of memory, and cost $200.00.
1972 Intel introduced the 8008 processor on April 1, 1972.
1974 Intel’s improved microprocessor chip was introduced on April 1, 1974; the 8080 became a standard in the computer industry.
1976 Intel introduced the 8085 processor in March 1976.
1976 The Intel 8086 was introduced on June 8, 1976.
1979 The Intel 8088 was released on June 1, 1979.
1979 The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor was released and was later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh and Amiga computers.
1982 The Intel 80286 was introduced on February 1, 1982.
1985 Intel introduced the first 80386 in October 1985.
1987 The SPARC processor was first introduced by Sun.
1988 Intel 80386SX was introduced in 1988.
1991 AMD introduced the AM386 microprocessor family in March 1991.
1991 Intel introduced the Intel 486SX chip in April in efforts to help bring a lower-cost processor to the PC market selling for $258.00.
1992 Intel released the 486DX2 chip on March 2, 1992, with a clock doubling ability that generates higher operating speeds.
1993 Intel released the Pentium processor on March 22, 1993. The processor was a 60 MHz processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for $878.00.
1994 Intel released the second generation of Intel Pentium processors on March 7, 1994.
1995 Intel introduced the Intel Pentium Pro in November 1995.
1996 Intel announced the availability of the Pentium 150 MHz with 60 MHz bus and 166 MHz with 66 MHz bus on January 4, 1996.
1996 AMD introduced the K5 processor on March 27, 1996, with speeds of 75 MHz to 133 MHz and bus speeds of 50 MHz, 60 MHz, or 66 MHz. The K5 was the first processor developed completely in-house by AMD.
1997 AMD released their K6 processor line in April 1997, with speeds of 166 MHz to 300 MHz and a 66 MHz bus speed.
1997 Intel Pentium II was introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998 AMD introduced their new K6-2 processor line on May 28, 1998, with speeds of 266 MHz to 550 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. The K6-2 processor was an enhanced version of AMD’s K6 processor.
1998 Intel released the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512 K or 1 M cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June 1998.
1999 Intel released the Celeron 366 MHz and 400 MHz processors on January 4, 1999.
1999 AMD released its K6-III processors on February 22, 1999, with speeds of 400 MHz or 450 MHz and bus speeds of 66 MHz to 100 MHz. It also featured an on-die L2 cache.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz was released on February 26, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 550 MHz was released on May 17, 1999.
1999 AMD introduced the Athlon processor series on June 23, 1999. The Athlon would be produced for the next six years in speeds ranging from 500 MHz up to 2.33 GHz.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 600 MHz was released on August 2, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 533B and 600B MHz was released on September 27, 1999.
1999 The Intel Pentium III Coppermine series was first introduced on October 25, 1999.
2000 On January 5, 2000, AMD released the 800 MHz Athlon processor.
2000 Intel released the Celeron 533 MHz with a 66 MHz bus processor on January 4, 2000.
2000 AMD first released the Duron processor on June 19, 2000, with speeds of 600 MHz to 1.8 GHz and bus speeds of 200 MHz to 266 MHz. The Duron was built on the same K7 architecture as the Athlon processor.
2000 Intel announces on August 28th that it will recall its 1.3 GHz Pentium III processors due to a glitch. Users with these processors should contact their vendors for additional information about the recall.
2001 On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 800 MHz Celeron processor with a 100 MHz bus.
2001 On January 3, 2001, Intel released the 1.3 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
2001 AMD announced a new branding scheme on October 9, 2001. Instead of identifying processors by their clock speed, the AMD Athlon XP processors will bear monikers of 1500+, 1600+, 1700+, 1800+, 1900+, 2000+, etc. Each higher model number will represent a higher clock speed.
2002 Intel released the Celeron 1.3 GHz with a 100 MHz bus and 256 kB of level 2 cache.
2003 Intel Pentium M was introduced in March 2003.
2003 AMD released the first single-core Opteron processors, with speeds of 1.4 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 1024 KB L2 cache, on April 22, 2003.
2003 AMD released the first Athlon 64 processors, the 3200+, and the first Athlon 64 FX processor, the FX-51, on September 23, 2003.
2004 AMD released the first Sempron processor on July 28, 2004, with a 1.5 GHz to 2.0 GHz clock speed and 166 MHz bus speed.
2005 AMD released their first dual-core processor, the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ (2.0 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache per core), on April 21, 2005.
2006 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E6320 (4 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2006.
2006 Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processors with the Core 2 Duo processor E6300 (2 M cache, 1.86 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on July 27, 2006.
2006 Intel introduced the Intel Core 2 Duo processor for the laptop computer with the Core 2 Duo processor T5500, as well as other Core 2 Duo T series processors, in August 2006.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6600 (8 M cache, 2.40 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4300 (2 M cache, 1.80 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on January 21, 2007.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q6700 (8 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) in April 2007.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4400 (2 M cache, 2.00 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on April 22, 2007.
2007 AMD renamed the Athlon 64 X2 processor line to Athlon X2 and released the first in that line, the Brisbane series (1.9 to 2.6 GHz, 512 KB L2 cache) on June 1, 2007.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4500 (2 M cache, 2.20 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on July 22, 2007.
2007 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4600 (2 M cache, 2.40 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on October 21, 2007.
2007 AMD released the first Phenom X4 processors (2 M cache, 1.8 GHz to 2.6 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on November 19, 2007.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9300 and the Core 2 Quad processor Q9450 in March 2008.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E4700 (2 M cache, 2.60 GHz, 800 MHz FSB) on March 2, 2008.
2008 AMD released the first Phenom X3 processors (2 M cache, 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on March 27, 2008.
2008 Intel released the first of the Intel Atom series of processors, the Z5xx series, in April 2008. They are single-core  processors with a 200 MHz GPU.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7200 (3 M cache, 2.53 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on April 20, 2008.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7300 (3 M cache, 2.66 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on August 10, 2008.
2008 Intel released several Core 2 Quad processors in August 2008:the Q8200, the Q9400, and the Q9650.
2008 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7400 (3 M cache, 2.80 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on October 19, 2008.
2008 Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processors in November 2008:the i7-920, the i7-940, and the i7-965 Extreme Edition.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X4 (quad-core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.7 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on January 8, 2009.
2009 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7500 (3 M cache, 2.93 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on January 18, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X3 (triple core) processors (6 M cache, 2.5 to 3.0 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on February 9, 2009.
2009 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q8400 (4 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in April 2009.
2009 Intel released the Core 2 Duo processor E7600 (3 M cache, 3.06 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) on May 31, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X2 (dual-core) processors (1024KB L2 cache, 1.6 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in June 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Phenom II X2 (dual-core) processors (6 M cache, 3.0 to 3.5 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) on June 1, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X4 (quad-core) processors (512 KB L2 cache, 2.2 to 3.1 GHz, 1066 MHz or 1333 MHz FSB) in September 2009.
2009 Intel released the first Core i7 mobile processor, the i7-720QM, in September 2009. It uses the Socket G1 socket type, runs at 1.6 GHZ, and features 6 MB L3 cache.
2009 Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor with four cores, the i5-750 (8 M cache, 2.67 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB), on September 8, 2009.
2009 AMD released the first Athlon II X3 (triple-core) processors in October 2009.
2010 Intel released the Core 2 Quad processor Q9500 (6 M cache, 2.83 GHz, 1333 MHz FSB) in January 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i5 mobile processors, the i5-430M and the i5-520E in January 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i5 desktop processor over 3.0 GHz, the i5-650 in January 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i3 desktop processors, the i3-530, and i3-540 on January 7, 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i3 mobile processors, the i3-330M (3 M cache, 2.13 GHz, 1066 MHz FSB) and the i3-350M, on January 7, 2010.
2010 AMD released the first Phenom II X6 (hex/six core) processors on April 27, 2010.
2010 Intel released the first Core i7 desktop processor with six cores, the i3-970, in July 2010. It runs at 3.2 GHz and features 12 MB L3 cache.
2011 Intel released seven new Core i5 processors with four cores, the i5-2xxx series in January 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300M and the A4-3310MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A6 line, the A6-3400M and the A6-3410MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first mobile processors in their A8 line, the A8-3500M,the A8-3510MX, and the A8-3530MX on June 14, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processor in their A6 line, the A6-3650 (4 M L2 cache, 2.6 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processor in their A8 line, the A8-3850 (4 M L2 cache, 2.9 GHz, 1866 MHz FSB) on June 30, 2011.
2011 AMD released the first desktop processors in their A4 line, the A4-3300 and the A4-3400 on September 7, 2011.
2012 AMD released the first desktop processors in their A10 line, the A10-5700 and the A10-5800K on October 1, 2012.
2013 AMD released one of their fastest desktop processors to date, the Athlon II X2 280, on January 28, 2013. It has two cores and runs at 3.6 GHz.
2013 Intel released their first processor to utilize the BGA-1364 socket and feature an Iris Pro Graphics 5200 GPU. Released in June 2013, it runs at 3.2 GHz and has 6 MB of L3 cache.
2014 AMD introduced the socket AM1 architecture and compatible processors, like the Sempron 2650, in April 2014.
2014 AMD released their first Pro A series APU processors, the A6 Pro-7050B, A8 Pro-7150B, and A10 Pro-7350B, in June 2014. They feature on or two cores and run at 1.9 GHz to 2.2 GHz.
2017 AMD released their first Ryzen 7 processors, 1700, 1700X, and 1800X models, on March 2, 2017. They have eight cores, run at 3.0 to 3.6 GHz, and feature 16 MB L3 cache.
2017 AMD released their first Ryzen 5 processors, 1400, 1500X, 1600, and 1600X models, on April 11, 2017. They have four to six cores, run at 3.2 to 3.6 GHz, and feature 8 to 16 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first Core i9 desktop processor, the i9-7900X, in June 2017. It uses the LGA 2066 socket, runs at 3.3 GHZ, has 10 cores, and features 13.75 MB L3 cache.
2017 AMD released their first Ryzen 3 processors, the Pro 1200 and Pro 1300 models, on June 29, 2017. They have four cores, run at 3.1 to 3.5 GHz, and feature 8 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 12 cores, the Core i9-7920X, in August 2017. It runs at 2.9 GHZ and features 16.50 MB L3 cache.
2017 AMD released their first processor with 16 cores, the Ryzen Threadripper 1950X, on August 10, 2017. It runs at 3.4 GHz and features 32 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 14 cores, the Core i9-7940X, in September 2017. It runs at 3.1 GHZ and features 19.25 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 16 cores, the Core i9-7960X, in September 2017. It runs at 2.8 GHZ and features 22 MB L3 cache.
2017 Intel released the first desktop processor with 18 cores, the Core i9-7980X, in September 2017. It runs at 2.6 GHZ and features 24.75 MB L3 cache.
2018 Intel released the first Core i9 mobile processor, the i9-8950HK, in April 2018. It uses the BGA 1440 socket, runs at 2.9 GHZ, has six cores, and features 12 MB L3 cache.

Source:Computerhope

What Are the Main Functions of a CPU?

There is no doubt that the performance of the CPU has improved dramatically in the past few years, but the basic functionality of the CPU remains the same. The uses of the CPU revolve around the same three functions for which they have been earlier created. The basic functions of the CPU are –

Fetching

It is clear to understand that the main use of the central processing unit is to receive instructions. The instructions are received in the series of numbers that are transferred from CPUs to the RAMs. Each part of the information is divided into small units, that’s why the CPU needs to know which information is coming next. The instructions are located at the program counter. But, as the instructions move, then they are replaced in an Instruction Register (IR) so that the program counter can store the next set of instructions.

Decode

Once the instructions are stored in the instruction register, the CPU transfer instructions to the circuit called instructor decode. In this circuit, instructions are converted into signals which can be easily understood by the other part of the computer. This is a very important use of the CPU because if other parts of the computer don’t understand the instructions given to them, then they won’t be able to perform the functions for which they are designed. It is similar to the function of the brain when the brain provides a signal to other body parts to perform their duty.

Execute

Now, the last important use of the CPU is to execute the instructions which are earlier fetch and decoded by the processor. This will instruct other computer parts to perform their designated functions. The results are usually written to a CPU register, where they can be referenced by later instructions. Think of it as the memory function on your calculator. This means that the executed instructions are later stored in the memory of the central processing unit so that the next instruction can work according to the previous instruction as we already have discussed that instructions are divided into a small number of series.

Store

The CPU must give feedback after executing an instruction, and the output data is written to the memory.

The uses of the CPU are very clear and simple to understand, it is the responsibility of the CPU to fetch instructions from the user, decode the instructions into the signals which can be understood by other parts of the computer and make sure that the function is executed in the right manner. CPU also must make sure that the next instructions are relevant to the instruction which are already under the process.

What are the different types of CPU?

There are two primary manufacturers of computer microprocessors. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) lead the market in terms of speed and quality. Intel’s desktop CPUs include Celeron, Pentium and Core.  AMD’s desktop processors include Sempron, Athlon and Phenom. Read Which processor is best Intel’s Core i7 vs AMD’s Ryzen? (choose the Right processor for Desktop/Laptop)

So, CPU is indeed one of the main processors of the computer as the functioning of the other processor depends upon it.

Also read:

  • Which Intel processor is Best for You? Intel Core i5, i7 or i9 explained
  • Difference Between CPU (Central Processing Unit) and RAM (Random Access Memory) 
  • What is the Difference Between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Windows 10 and Processor (CPU)
  • SSD vs HDD Speed and Performance Comparison
  • Integrated vs Dedicated Graphics Card Which to Use and Why?
  • Complete Laptop Buying Guide 2020 – Specifications of a Good Laptop

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