MySQLで1年間の在籍学生と不在学生の両方の数を取得するにはどうすればよいですか？

このために、集計関数SUM（）とともにIF（）を使用できます。まずテーブルを作成しましょう-

mysql> create table DemoTable1617
    -> (
    -> Attendance varchar(20),
    -> CurrentYear int
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec)

挿入コマンド-

mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Present',2019);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Absent',2019);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.20 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Absent',2017);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Present',2019);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Present',2018);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)
mysql> insert into DemoTable1617 values('Present',2019);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)

mysql> select * from DemoTable1617;

+------------+-------------+
| Attendance | CurrentYear |
+------------+-------------+
| Present    |        2019 |
| Absent     |        2019 |
| Absent     |        2017 |
| Present    |        2019 |
| Present    |        2018 |
| Present    |        2019 |
+------------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select sum(if(Attendance='Present',1,0)) as Present ,
    -> sum(if(Attendance='Absent',1,0)) as Absent
    -> from DemoTable1617
    -> where CurrentYear LIKE '2019%';

+---------+--------+
| Present | Absent |
+---------+--------+
|       3 |      1 |
+---------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)